Robson Ranch Woodworkers

Woodworking lathes are used to change the size, shape or finish of a revolving work piece with various cutting tools. Lathes are made up of a headstock, tailstock, carriage and bed. The correct lathe to choose is dependent upon the size of the pieces that you will be turning. Wood Lathes come in many sizes, from midi lathes great for small projects like pens, to huge bowl turning machines. They are designated according to the maximum diameter of material that can be swung over the bed. A lathe capable of turning an 11-inch diameter disk is referred to as an 11-inch lathe. The other dimension to be concerned with is the center to center measurement, this determines the maximum length of material that can be mounted between the headstock and tailstock.

Here is a collection of safety guidelines and techniques for the lathe from the AAW:

• Safe, effective use of a wood lathe requires study and knowledge of procedures for using this tool. Read and thoroughly understand the label warnings on the lathe and in the owner's/operator's manual. Get a book on wood lathes their usage and project techniques.
• Always wear safety goggles or safety glasses that include side protectors and a full face shield when needed.
• Wood dust can be harmful to your respiratory system. Use a dust mask or a full respirator helmet and proper ventilation (dust collection system) in dusty work conditions.
• Wear hearing protection during extended periods of operation.
• Turn the lathe off before adjusting the tool rest or tool rest base (banjo).
• Remove chuck keys and adjusting wrenches and knockout bars. Form a habit of checking for these before switching on the lathe.
• Do not wear gloves, loose clothing, jewelry or any dangling objects (tie back long hair) that may catch in rotating parts or accessories.
• When using a faceplate, be certain the work piece is solidly mounted. When turning between centers, be certain the work piece is secure.
• Check that all locking devices on the tailstock and tool rest assembly (rest and base) are tight before operating the lathe.
• Make certain that the belt guard or cover is in place. Check that all clamping devices (locks), such as on the tailstock and toolrest are tight.
• Rotate your workpiece by hand to make sure it clears the toolrest and bed before turning the lathe "on". Be sure that the workpiece turns freely and is firmly mounted. It is always safest to turn the lathe "off" before adjusting the tool rest.
• Exercise caution when using stock with cracks, splits, checks, bark, knots, irregular shapes or protuberances.
• Be aware of what turners call the red zone or firing zone. This is the area directly behind and in front of the workpiece the areas most likely for a piece to travel as it comes off the lathe. A good safety habit is to step out of this zone when turning on the lathe, keeping your hand on the switch in case you need to turn the machine off. When observing someone else turn, stay out of this zone.
• ALWAYS CHECK THE SPEED OF THE LATHE BEFORE TURNING IT ON. Use slower speeds for larger diameters or rough pieces, and higher speeds for smaller diameters and pieces that are balanced. Always start a piece at a slower speed until the workpiece is balanced. If the lathe is shaking or vibrating, lower the speed. If the workpiece vibrates, always stop the machine to check the reason. As a starting point, consult your operator's manual for recommended speeds for a particular lathe. Make sure the lathe speed is compatible with the size of the blank. (further details below)
• Exercise extra caution when using stock with cracks, splits, checks, bark pockets, knots, irregular shapes, or protuberances. Beginners should avoid these types of stock until they have greater knowledge of working such wood.
• Hold turning tools securely on the toolrest and hold the tool in a controlled but comfortable manner. Make sure the tool is on the toolrest before making a cut. Watch your depth of cut and use the appropriate tool and handle. (see chart below)
• When running a lathe in reverse, it is possible for a chuck or faceplate to unscrew unless it is securely tightened on the lathe spindle.
• Know your capabilities and limits. An experienced wood turner may be capable of techniques and procedures not recommended for beginning turners.
• Always remove the toolrest before sanding or polishing operations.
• Don't overreach, keep proper footing and balance at all times.
• Keep tools sharp and clean for better and safer performance. Don't force a dull tool. Don't use a tool for a purpose not intended. Keep tools out of reach of children.
• Never leave the lathe running unattended. Turn power off. Don't leave the lathe until it comes to a complete stop.
• Consider your work environment. Don't use lathe in damp or wet locations. Do not use in presence of flammable liquids or gases. Keep work area well lit.
• Stay alert. Watch what you are doing, use common sense. Don't operate tool when you are tired or under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

Cutting Tool Tips

Although most gouges have long blades, this does not mean that they are designed to reach long distances over the tool rest. The tables below offer some recommended maximum reach distances for each type and size of gouge. Do not exceed these recommended distances as it may result in a broken tool and serious injury.

The length of a tool handle should be at least five times the maximum distance you intend to reach beyond the tool rest. This will make sure you have the needed leverage for proper tool control. Example: for a maximum reach of 3" over the tool rest your handle should be at least 15" in length

As with all tools, whether it is a lathe, a lawn mower or your car, it is best operated defensively. Know the tool, know its capabilities and know yours as well.

Safe turning!